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Hopperstad Stave Church Replica, Moorhead
Built between 1996 and 2001, the Hopperstad Stave Church Replica in Moorhead, Minnesota, stands as a testament to Norwegian culture and heritage in the Midwest. It serves as an educational tool in the local community and is operated by Clay County’s Historical and Cultural Society.
Conversion to Christianity in Norway occurred by royal decree at the end of the Viking Age. Despite the declaration, many Norwegians still practiced their traditional pagan religion, which had not required structures of worship but did recognize sacred sites. Those same sites were used to build new Christian churches that blended together old and new, pagan and Christian, in a unique style.
Scandinavian stave churches were built during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The name comes from the support pillars (staves) in their interiors. Structurally, stave churches combine a Catholic, medieval, basilica-style church and a traditional Scandinavian log building. Stylistically, dragons—pagan guards against evil—have their place next to religious art and crucifixes. Between 900 and 1000 stave churches were built in Norway.
As of 2017, twenty-eight stave churches remain in Norway. One of these is the Hopperstad Stave Church, which for nearly 900 years has stood on the outskirts of Vik. It was this church that Guy Paulson chose to replicate in the 1990s.
Gaylord “Guy” Paulson was born on June 23, 1937, in Haakon County, South Dakota, to Evelyn and Kristian Paulson. His paternal grandfather, Jens Paulson, emigrated from Norway with his family in 1904. The family made their living as farmers and practiced their Lutheran faith on the South Dakota prairie. Paulson married Beva Hill in 1960 and worked as a research scientist for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, based in Fargo, North Dakota. When Paulson retired in the mid-1990s, he went looking for a project.
Years earlier, Paulson had seen a replica stave church in his native South Dakota. The church inspired him, and an idea began to take shape—one that would use his twenty-plus years of woodcarving experience and pay homage to his heritage as the son of Norwegian immigrants. He would build his own replica. Paulson and Beva agreed that this was a way that they could give back to the Fargo-Moorhead community.
Paulson was not alone in his dream to build the church. Beva, his siblings, and other family members helped at all points during construction. Family friend Dale Ruff, an architect in Moorhead, donated the time of his architecture firm. Don Guida of Straight River Log Homes in Park Rapids agreed to build the main structure. The team took several trips to Norway to study the original building and look at plans and drawings made during its restoration in the 1880s.
It was decided in June of 1996 that the church would have a home at the Hjemkomst Center in Moorhead. The Center was already the home of the Hjemkomst Viking ship replica, which had sailed to Norway in 1982 and partially inspired the church project. After the decision, Paulson began the ornate carvings that would decorate the interior and exterior of the church, and pine trees were cut for materials. Construction on the main structure began in August 1997, with the first two staves being placed in October of that year.
The replica was built on-site and dedicated in 1998 when it was nearly complete. Visitors from Vik came for the ceremony bearing gifts. The replica was given to the City of Moorhead as a gift. The church was far from complete, however; Paulson took another three years to complete the ornamental carvings. In total, five and a half years went into the construction of the Hopperstad Stave Church Replica.
At seventy-two feet in height, the church is a full-scale replica of the original. There are eighteen staves, each standing twenty-seven feet tall. The main structure is made of pine from Minnesota, with the portal carving done in redwood; 24,000 Michigan cedar shingles adorn its roof. While modern construction methods and tools were used, Paulson did all the carvings by hand.
Since its dedication, the replica has been used for tours, weddings, and other community events. Owned by the City of Moorhead, the Hopperstad Stave Church is interpreted by the Historical and Cultural Society of Clay County.

Bibliography
1910 United States Federal Census. “Jens Paulson.” Butte, Stanley, South Dakota. Page 7B, Enumeration District: 128, lines 84–93. May 25, 1910. Retrieved from Ancestry.com.
1940 United States Federal Census. “Chris Paulson.” Butte, Haakon, South Dakota. Page 1A-1B, Enumeration District: 28–4, lines 39-42. April 3, 1940. Retrieved from Ancesty.com.
Pates, Mikkel J., and Markus Krueger. The Hopperstad Stave Church Replica: Moorhead, Minnesota. Edited by Barbara Pates. Fargo, ND: Yellow-Brick Productions, 2008.
Roggenkamp, Walther, Adam Bittleston, and Dan Lindholm. Stave Churches in Norway: Dragon, Myth and Christianity in Old Norwegian Architecture. United Kingdom: Rudolf Steiner Press, 1980.
South Dakota Department of Health. South Dakota Marriage Index, 1950–2013. “Gaylord Paulson.” Retrieved from Ancestry.com.
Stavkirke: Replica of the Hopperstad Norwegian Stave Church, 1998. Hjemkomst Interpretive Center Archives, Moorhead.
Stenersen, Øivind, Ivar Libæk, James Anderson, Marthe Burgess, and Tone Svinningen. The History of Norway: From the Ice Age Until Today. Snarøya, Norway: Dinamo, 2007.
U.S. Public Records Index, 1950–1993, Volume 1. “Gaylord D. Paulson.” Provo, Utah. Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2010. Retrieved from Ancestry.com.
Related Resources
Primary
MSS 476
Donald E. Laew Collection, 1996–1996
Manuscript Collection, Historical and Cultural Society of Clay County, Moorhead
Description: The collection includes photographs of the Hopperstad Stave Church while under construction in 1999.
http://hcsmuseum.pastperfectonline.com/archive/4F3978D5-F5DE-4473-A750-187766598487
Nicolaysen, Nicolay. Om Hov og Stavkirker (About Needs and Stave Churches). [Kristiania, Norway:] N.p., 1888.
Secondary
Geist, Troyd A. Yggdrasil: The Norwegian-American Carvings of Gaylord “Guy” Paulson. Fargo, ND: Fargo Council on the Arts, 2016.
Gunderson, Dan. “A Church for the Ages.” MPR News, August 25, 2008.
https://www.mprnews.org/story/2008/08/20/stavechurch
Valebrokk, Eva, Thomas Thiis-Evensen, Ann Clay Zwick, and K. Evensen. Norway’s Stave Churches: Architecture, History & Legends. 2nd ed. Norway: J. W. Cappelens, 1995.
Web
Historical and Cultural Society of Clay County. The Hopperstad Stave Church.
https://www.hcscconline.org/stavechurch.html
Stavechurch.com. Hopperstad Stavkyrkje.
http://www.stavechurch.com/hopperstad-stavkirke/
Related Images

Hopperstad Stave Church Replica

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Hopperstad Church (Norway) prior to restoration
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Hopperstad Church (Norway) after restoration
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interior.jpg)
Hopperstad Stave Church (Norway), interior
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Hopperstad Stave Church replica front façade

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More Information

Hopperstad Stave Church svalgang
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Hopperstad Stave Church replica baldachin and altar
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Hopperstad Stave Church replica baldachin
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Hopperstad Stave Church replica ceiling
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Hopperstad Stave Church replica leper’s window
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Stave church floor plan

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Hopperstad Stave Church replica, summer
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Hopperstad Stave Church replica, winter
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Hopperstad Stave Church replica, side view
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Related Articles
Turning Point
In July 1996, the City of Moorhead agrees to let Guy Paulson build a replica of the Hopperstad Stave Church on the grounds of the Heritage Hjemkomst Interpretive Center in Moorhead, Minnesota.
Chronology
1015 C.E.
ca. 1140
1537
1880
1885
1937
ca. 1990
1996
1997
1998
1998
1999
2001
Bibliography
1910 United States Federal Census. “Jens Paulson.” Butte, Stanley, South Dakota. Page 7B, Enumeration District: 128, lines 84–93. May 25, 1910. Retrieved from Ancestry.com.
1940 United States Federal Census. “Chris Paulson.” Butte, Haakon, South Dakota. Page 1A-1B, Enumeration District: 28–4, lines 39-42. April 3, 1940. Retrieved from Ancesty.com.
Pates, Mikkel J., and Markus Krueger. The Hopperstad Stave Church Replica: Moorhead, Minnesota. Edited by Barbara Pates. Fargo, ND: Yellow-Brick Productions, 2008.
Roggenkamp, Walther, Adam Bittleston, and Dan Lindholm. Stave Churches in Norway: Dragon, Myth and Christianity in Old Norwegian Architecture. United Kingdom: Rudolf Steiner Press, 1980.
South Dakota Department of Health. South Dakota Marriage Index, 1950–2013. “Gaylord Paulson.” Retrieved from Ancestry.com.
Stavkirke: Replica of the Hopperstad Norwegian Stave Church, 1998. Hjemkomst Interpretive Center Archives, Moorhead.
Stenersen, Øivind, Ivar Libæk, James Anderson, Marthe Burgess, and Tone Svinningen. The History of Norway: From the Ice Age Until Today. Snarøya, Norway: Dinamo, 2007.
U.S. Public Records Index, 1950–1993, Volume 1. “Gaylord D. Paulson.” Provo, Utah. Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2010. Retrieved from Ancestry.com.
Related Resources
Primary
MSS 476
Donald E. Laew Collection, 1996–1996
Manuscript Collection, Historical and Cultural Society of Clay County, Moorhead
Description: The collection includes photographs of the Hopperstad Stave Church while under construction in 1999.
http://hcsmuseum.pastperfectonline.com/archive/4F3978D5-F5DE-4473-A750-187766598487
Nicolaysen, Nicolay. Om Hov og Stavkirker (About Needs and Stave Churches). [Kristiania, Norway:] N.p., 1888.
Secondary
Geist, Troyd A. Yggdrasil: The Norwegian-American Carvings of Gaylord “Guy” Paulson. Fargo, ND: Fargo Council on the Arts, 2016.
Gunderson, Dan. “A Church for the Ages.” MPR News, August 25, 2008.
https://www.mprnews.org/story/2008/08/20/stavechurch
Valebrokk, Eva, Thomas Thiis-Evensen, Ann Clay Zwick, and K. Evensen. Norway’s Stave Churches: Architecture, History & Legends. 2nd ed. Norway: J. W. Cappelens, 1995.
Web
Historical and Cultural Society of Clay County. The Hopperstad Stave Church.
https://www.hcscconline.org/stavechurch.html
Stavechurch.com. Hopperstad Stavkyrkje.
http://www.stavechurch.com/hopperstad-stavkirke/