Carlos Avery Game Farm

Contributor: Anoka County Historical Society
Entrance to the Carlos Avery Game Farm
Main gate of the Carlos Avery Game Farm, with buildings in the background, photograph taken Fall, 1992. Located at 5463 Broadway Avenue, Columbus, MN. Photographer unknown. Used with the permission of Anoka County Historical Society.

In the mid-twentieth century, Anoka County's Carlos Avery Game Farm helped to build populations of dwindling game bird species, such as the bob white quail, chukar partridge, and ring-necked pheasant. A National Register-listed historic district since 1991, it is now part of the nearly 25,000-acre Carlos Avery Wildlife Management Area (WMA) and has become a reserve for deer, waterfowl, and other woodland animals and birds.

The Minnesota Department of Conservation (MDC, later the Department of Natural Resources) bought 8478.73 acres of land from the Crex Carpet Company in 1933 for a wildlife refuge. The land, which the company had used to grow a type of wire grass used in rug manufacturing, covered portions of Anoka and Chisago counties and included swamp land, three lakes, and woods. It was named the Carlos Avery Game Refuge in honor of Minnesota's first commissioner of conservation.

The superintendent of the MDC, Frank Blair, saw the land as the perfect location for a game-bird breeding program. He worked with Walter D. MacLieth, an architect with the Division of Game and Fish, to design a modern facility for raising bob white quail and chukar partridge within the refuge.

The Works Progress Administration (WPA) agreed to build it. Construction began in January 1936 for the first structures on the property, a barn and a storage building. A house for the gamekeeper was completed later that summer. More buildings followed in 1937, including a heating plant, power plant, garage, incubation building, and superintendent's house. MacLieth designed each building in a Colonial style, with white-painted clapboard siding and green-stained wood shingles. Later additions included several brood shelters, a pump house, and an iron flagpole with a limestone base.

Governor Elmer Benson dedicated the Carlos Avery Game Farm on October 16, 1938. The WPA covered 85 percent of the $40,887 cost of construction.

In 1937, the game farm began to raise 700 chukar eggs and 200 pairs of bob white quail as part of a bird-species propagation program. The first year's yield resulted in 2,879 quail, including 1000 kept for breeding, and 469 partridges. By 1940, the yield had increased to 22,664 quail and 19,449 partridges.

The MDC stopped raising partridges at the farm in 1947, but the bobwhite quail program continued until 1955. A total of 150,000 quail were released into the wild before that program ended.

A shortage of pheasants prompted the creation of a new program in 1947 to produce ring-necked pheasants. Farmers, members of sportsmen's clubs, and others received day-old pheasant chicks to raise until they reached six weeks of age and could be released. The farm produced up to 100,000 pheasants each year, though many chicks did not survive.

The MDC began to rebuild Minnesota's Canada goose population in the late 1950s. In the 1970s, the focus of wildlife management shifted from propagation of species to improving habitat and providing a food supply. The Department of Natural Resources (DNR) phased out the goose program in the early 1970s and the pheasant program in 1981.

On August 9, 1991, the National Park Service (NPS) added the Carlos Avery Game Farm Historic District to the National Register of Historic Places. The listing recognized the unique architecture of the eleven remaining structures. The NPS recognized its significance as "one of the largest and best equipped game farms in the nation" when it opened in 1937 and its value as an early example of wildlife management in Minnesota.

Approximately every other year, the DNR adds carefully reviewed land to the Carlos Avery Wildlife Management Area. It allows birdwatching, hunting, angling, and trapping (by special permit). In 2018, the WMA exceeded 24,600 acres. 4,500 acres are designated as a wildlife sanctuary, with no hunting or public access allowed. Staff work to maintain buildings, roads, and grounds, carefully review potential land purchases, and carry out controlled burns. They grow crops of corn, rye, and root vegetables to feed deer and other woodland animals, birds, and waterfowl.

Cite
Allert, Johannes. "Carlos Avery Game Farm." MNopedia, Minnesota Historical Society. https://www3.mnhs.org/mnopedia/search/index/place/carlos-avery-game-farm
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First Published: January 23, 2019
Last Modified: April 14, 2025

Bibliography

Agency History Record
Minnesota Department of Conservation
State Agency Histories, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul
Description: A brief history of the Department of Conservation from its establishment in 1931 to its transformation into the Department of Natural Resources in 1971.

Avery, Carlos. “The Preservation of Wildlife.” Rotarian, May 1921.
“Carlos Avery Game Farm Dedicated in Anoka County Last Sunday." Anoka Herald, October 19, 1938.
Carlos Avery Game Farm. National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, August 1991, State Historic Preservation Office, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul
http://www.mnhs.org/preserve/nrhp/nomination/91000977.pdf

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Carlos Avery profile. http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/wmas/detail_report.html?map=COMPASS_MAPFILE&mode=itemquery&qlayer=bdry_adwma2py3_query&qitem=uniqueid&qstring=WMA0900101

Related Resources

Related Images

Entrance to the Carlos Avery Game Farm
Main gate of the Carlos Avery Game Farm, with buildings in the background, photograph taken Fall, 1992. Located at 5463 Broadway Avenue, Columbus, MN. Photographer unknown. Used with the permission of Anoka County Historical Society.
Tending Norway Pine seedlings at Carlos Avery Game Farm

Anoka Conservation District photograph of Norway Pine seedlings in their second year of growth in the Department of Natural Resource Nursery at Carlos Avery before lifting for sale to forestry cooperators. Julius Edwards, soil conservationist on left; Alex Gurtin, district forester, on right. Photograph was taken June 28, 1972, by USDA-Soil Conservation Service SCS-CART-164 Rev.7.90.

Carlos Avery Game Farm dedication event
Minnesota Federal Symphonic Band playing at the dedication of the Carlos Avery Game Refuge, 1938.
Carlos Avery
Carlos Avery, executive agent for the Minnesota Game and Fish Commission, 1907. Photograph by Petri & Svenson.
Control structure for waterfowl impoundment
Control structure for waterfowl impoundment on Sunrise River, Carlos Avery Wildlife Management Area, ca. 1965. Photograph by Walter H. Wettschreck.
Barn and gamekeeper’s house at Carlos Avery Game Farm
Construction of the barn and gamekeeper's house, Carlos Avery Game Farm, 1936.
Entrance to the Carlos Avery Game Farm
Entrance gate to the Carlos Avery Game Refuge, ca. 1936.
Superintendent’s house at Carlos Avery Game Farm
Superintendent's house, Carlos Avery Game Farm, 1938.
Barn, feed, and storage building at Carlos Avery Game Farm
Barn, feed, and storage building, Carlos Avery Game Farm, 1938.
Power and heating plant, Carlos Avery Game Farm, 1938.
Power and heating plant, Carlos Avery Game Farm, 1938.
Carlos Avery Game Farm
General view of Carlos Avery Game Farm, Anoka County, 1938.
Rearing pens at the Carlos Avery Game Farm
Rearing pens, Carlos Avery Game Farm, 1938.
Baskets of pheasant eggs at the Carlos Avery Wildlife Management Area

Baskets of pheasant eggs, Carlos Avery Wildlife Management Area, 1970. Photograph by Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Printed in the Minneapolis Star Tribune article "Pheasants, Long-ago Introduced to Minnesota, Now a Cherished Gamebird" (October 10, 2014).

Map of the Carlos Avery Wildlife Management Area
Carlos Avery Wildlife Management Area map. [St. Paul]: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Fish and Wildlife, 1978. Map Collection, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
Carlos Avery Game Farm’s incubation building
The Carlos Avery Game Farm’s incubation building. Photograph by Vickie Wendel, Anoka County Historical Society, October 23, 2016. Used with the permission of Anoka County Historical Society.
Carlos Avery Game Farm’s field station and laboratory.
Field station and laboratory with sign reading “Carlos Avery Wildlife HQ.” Photograph by Vickie Wendel, Anoka County Historical Society, October 23, 2016. Used with the permission of Anoka County Historical Society.
Barn on the Carlos Avery Game Farm
The original rectangular barn, designed by architect Walter MacLeith. Photograph by Vickie Wendel, Anoka County Historical Society, October 23, 2016. Used with the permission of Anoka County Historical Society.
Entrance to the Carlos Avery Game Farm

Entrance to the Carlos Avery Game Farm

Main gate of the Carlos Avery Game Farm, with buildings in the background, photograph taken Fall, 1992. Located at 5463 Broadway Avenue, Columbus, MN. Photographer unknown. Used with the permission of Anoka County Historical Society.
© Anoka County Historical Society    

Holding Location

Anoka County Historical Society
Tending Norway Pine seedlings at Carlos Avery Game Farm

Tending Norway Pine seedlings at Carlos Avery Game Farm

Anoka Conservation District photograph of Norway Pine seedlings in their second year of growth in the Department of Natural Resource Nursery at Carlos Avery before lifting for sale to forestry cooperators. Julius Edwards, soil conservationist on left; Alex Gurtin, district forester, on right. Photograph was taken June 28, 1972, by USDA-Soil Conservation Service SCS-CART-164 Rev.7.90.

© Anoka County Historical Society    

Public domain

Holding Location

Anoka County Historical Society
Carlos Avery Game Farm dedication event

Carlos Avery Game Farm dedication event

Minnesota Federal Symphonic Band playing at the dedication of the Carlos Avery Game Refuge, 1938.
© Minnesota Historical Society    

Holding Location

Photograph Collection, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul
Carlos Avery

Carlos Avery

Carlos Avery, executive agent for the Minnesota Game and Fish Commission, 1907. Photograph by Petri & Svenson.
© Minnesota Historical Society    

Holding Location

Minnesota Historical Society
Control structure for waterfowl impoundment

Control structure for waterfowl impoundment

Control structure for waterfowl impoundment on Sunrise River, Carlos Avery Wildlife Management Area, ca. 1965. Photograph by Walter H. Wettschreck.
© Minnesota Historical Society    

Holding Location

Minnesota Historical Society
Barn and gamekeeper’s house at Carlos Avery Game Farm

Barn and gamekeeper’s house at Carlos Avery Game Farm

Construction of the barn and gamekeeper's house, Carlos Avery Game Farm, 1936.
© Minnesota Historical Society    

Holding Location

Minnesota Historical Society
Entrance to the Carlos Avery Game Farm

Entrance to the Carlos Avery Game Farm

Entrance gate to the Carlos Avery Game Refuge, ca. 1936.
© Minnesota Historical Society    

Holding Location

Minnesota Historical Society
Superintendent’s house at Carlos Avery Game Farm

Superintendent’s house at Carlos Avery Game Farm

Superintendent's house, Carlos Avery Game Farm, 1938.
© Minnesota Historical Society    

Holding Location

Minnesota Historical Society
Barn, feed, and storage building at Carlos Avery Game Farm

Barn, feed, and storage building at Carlos Avery Game Farm

Barn, feed, and storage building, Carlos Avery Game Farm, 1938.
© Minnesota Historical Society    

Holding Location

Minnesota Historical Society
Power and heating plant, Carlos Avery Game Farm, 1938.

Power and heating plant, Carlos Avery Game Farm, 1938.

Power and heating plant, Carlos Avery Game Farm, 1938.
© Minnesota Historical Society    

Holding Location

Minnesota Historical Society
Carlos Avery Game Farm

Carlos Avery Game Farm

General view of Carlos Avery Game Farm, Anoka County, 1938.
© Minnesota Historical Society    

Holding Location

Minnesota Historical Society
Rearing pens at the Carlos Avery Game Farm

Rearing pens at the Carlos Avery Game Farm

Rearing pens, Carlos Avery Game Farm, 1938.
© Minnesota Historical Society    

Holding Location

Minnesota Historical Society
Baskets of pheasant eggs at the Carlos Avery Wildlife Management Area

Baskets of pheasant eggs at the Carlos Avery Wildlife Management Area

Baskets of pheasant eggs, Carlos Avery Wildlife Management Area, 1970. Photograph by Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Printed in the Minneapolis Star Tribune article "Pheasants, Long-ago Introduced to Minnesota, Now a Cherished Gamebird" (October 10, 2014).

Map of the Carlos Avery Wildlife Management Area

Map of the Carlos Avery Wildlife Management Area

Carlos Avery Wildlife Management Area map. [St. Paul]: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Fish and Wildlife, 1978. Map Collection, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
© Minnesota Historical Society    

Holding Location

Minnesota Historical Society
Carlos Avery Game Farm’s incubation building

Carlos Avery Game Farm’s incubation building

The Carlos Avery Game Farm’s incubation building. Photograph by Vickie Wendel, Anoka County Historical Society, October 23, 2016. Used with the permission of Anoka County Historical Society.
© Anoka County Historical Society    

Holding Location

Anoka County Historical Society
Carlos Avery Game Farm’s field station and laboratory.

Carlos Avery Game Farm’s field station and laboratory.

Field station and laboratory with sign reading “Carlos Avery Wildlife HQ.” Photograph by Vickie Wendel, Anoka County Historical Society, October 23, 2016. Used with the permission of Anoka County Historical Society.
© Anoka County Historical Society    

Holding Location

Anoka County Historical Society
Barn on the Carlos Avery Game Farm

Barn on the Carlos Avery Game Farm

The original rectangular barn, designed by architect Walter MacLeith. Photograph by Vickie Wendel, Anoka County Historical Society, October 23, 2016. Used with the permission of Anoka County Historical Society.
© Anoka County Historical Society    

Holding Location

Anoka County Historical Society

Turning Point

In 1970, wildlife management philosophy shifts away from the propagation of species on a large scale toward habitat preservation and improvement, leading to a change in programming at the Carlos Avery Game Farm.

Chronology

1931
The Minnesota Department of Conservation is established to oversee use of public lands and natural resources in the state.
1933
The Minnesota Department of Conservation buys 8,478.73 acres of land in Anoka and Chisago Counties from the Crex Carpet Company and names the tract the Carlos Avery Game Refuge.
January 1936
Construction begins on the barn and storage building, the first of eleven buildings, with assistance from the Works Progress Administration. Early on, workers face sub-zero temperatures and heavy snowfall; site watchmen are snowed in twice.
1937
The game farm takes ownership of 700 chukar eggs and 200 pairs of bob white quail to jump-start a bird-species propagation program.
July 15, 1937
The incubation building is completed. The building includes a hatchery room, an auxiliary heating plant and utensil washing room, a coop storage room, and other amenities.
October 16, 1939
Governor Elmer Benson dedicates the game farm.
1947
The game farm begins to raise ring-necked pheasants.
Late 1950s
A program to build the Canada goose population in Minnesota begins and continues until the early 1970s.
1955
The quail propagation program ends, with an estimated 150,000 birds released during the program's seventeen-year history.
1959
The field station and laboratory are completed.
1969
The Minnesota State Legislature appropriates $250,000 for wildlife habitat improvements and wildlife management begins to focus on habitat improvement.
1971
The Department of Conservation becomes the Department of Natural Resources (DNR).
1981
The game farm discontinues its ring-necked pheasant propagation program.
August 9, 1991
The Carlos Avery Game Farm is listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.

Bibliography

Agency History Record
Minnesota Department of Conservation
State Agency Histories, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul
Description: A brief history of the Department of Conservation from its establishment in 1931 to its transformation into the Department of Natural Resources in 1971.

Avery, Carlos. “The Preservation of Wildlife.” Rotarian, May 1921.
“Carlos Avery Game Farm Dedicated in Anoka County Last Sunday." Anoka Herald, October 19, 1938.
Carlos Avery Game Farm. National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, August 1991, State Historic Preservation Office, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul
http://www.mnhs.org/preserve/nrhp/nomination/91000977.pdf

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Carlos Avery profile. http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/wmas/detail_report.html?map=COMPASS_MAPFILE&mode=itemquery&qlayer=bdry_adwma2py3_query&qitem=uniqueid&qstring=WMA0900101

Related Resources